A Controller for Optimum Electrical Power Extraction from a Small Grid-Interconnected Wind Turbine

[EN] Currently, wind power is the fastest-growing means of electricity generation in the world. To obtain the maximum efficiency from the wind energy conversion system, it is important that the control strategy design is carried out in the best possible way. In fact, besides regulating the frequency and output voltage of the electrical signal, these strategies should also extract energy from wind power at the maximum level of efficiency. With advances in micro-controllers and electronic components, the design and implementation of efficient controllers are steadily improving. This paper presents a maximum power point tracking controller scheme for a small wind energy conversion system with a variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator. With the controller, the system extracts optimum possible power from the wind speed reaching the wind turbine and feeds it to the grid at constant voltage and frequency based on the AC-DC-AC conversion system. A MATLAB/SimPowerSystems environment was used to carry out the simulations of the system. Simulation results were analyzed under variable wind speed and load conditions, exhibiting the performance of the proposed controller. It was observed that the controllers can extract maximum power and regulate the voltage and frequency under such variable conditions. Extensive results are included in the paper.This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports-reference FPU16/04282.García-Sánchez, TM.; Mishra, AK.; Hurtado-Perez, E.; Puche-Panadero, R.; Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). A Controller for Optimum Electrical Power Extraction from a Small Grid-Interconnected Wind Turbine. Energies. 13(21):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215809S1161321Fernández-Guillamón, A., Villena-Lapaz, J., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., García-Sánchez, T., & Molina-García, Á. (2018). An Adaptive Frequency Strategy for Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Application to High Wind Integration Into Power Systems. Energies, 11(6), 1436. doi:10.3390/en11061436Fernández-Guillamón, A., Sarasúa, J. I., Chazarra, M., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., Fernández-Muñoz, D., & Molina-García, Á. (2020). Frequency control analysis based on unit commitment schemes with high wind power integration: A Spanish isolated power system case study. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 121, 106044. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106044Huber, M., Dimkova, D., & Hamacher, T. (2014). Integration of wind and solar power in Europe: Assessment of flexibility requirements. Energy, 69, 236-246. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.109Fernández-Guillamón, A., Martínez-Lucas, G., Molina-García, Á., & Sarasua, J.-I. (2020). Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems. Sustainability, 12(18), 7750. doi:10.3390/su12187750Fernández‐Guillamón, A., Vigueras‐Rodríguez, A., & Molina‐García, Á. (2019). Analysis of power system inertia estimation in high wind power plant integration scenarios. IET Renewable Power Generation, 13(15), 2807-2816. doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0220Fernández-Guillamón, A., Das, K., Cutululis, N. A., & Molina-García, Á. (2019). Offshore Wind Power Integration into Future Power Systems: Overview and Trends. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(11), 399. doi:10.3390/jmse7110399Muñoz-Benavente, I., Hansen, A. D., Gómez-Lázaro, E., García-Sánchez, T., Fernández-Guillamón, A., & Molina-García, Á. (2019). Impact of Combined Demand-Response and Wind Power Plant Participation in Frequency Control for Multi-Area Power Systems. Energies, 12(9), 1687. doi:10.3390/en12091687Gil-García, I. C., García-Cascales, M. S., Fernández-Guillamón, A., & Molina-García, A. (2019). Categorization and Analysis of Relevant Factors for Optimal Locations in Onshore and Offshore Wind Power Plants: A Taxonomic Review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(11), 391. doi:10.3390/jmse7110391Molina-Garcia, A., Fernandez-Guillamon, A., Gomez-Lazaro, E., Honrubia-Escribano, A., & Bueso, M. C. (2019). Vertical Wind Profile Characterization and Identification of Patterns Based on a Shape Clustering Algorithm. IEEE Access, 7, 30890-30904. doi:10.1109/access.2019.2902242Global Wind Report 2019https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/Chagas, C. C. M., Pereira, M. G., Rosa, L. P., da Silva, N. F., Freitas, M. A. V., & Hunt, J. D. (2020). From Megawatts to Kilowatts: A Review of Small Wind Turbine Applications, Lessons From The US to Brazil. Sustainability, 12(7), 2760. doi:10.3390/su12072760Culotta, S., Franzitta, V., Milone, D., & Moncada Lo Giudice, G. (2015). Small Wind Technology Diffusion in Suburban Areas of Sicily. Sustainability, 7(9), 12693-12708. doi:10.3390/su70912693Nazir, M. S., Wang, Y., Bilal, M., Sohail, H. M., Kadhem, A. A., Nazir, H. M. R., … Ma, Y. (2020). Comparison of Small-Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Economic Indexes. Clean Technologies, 2(2), 144-155. doi:10.3390/cleantechnol2020010García-Sánchez, T., Muñoz-Benavente, I., Gómez-Lázaro, E., & Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). Modelling Types 1 and 2 Wind Turbines Based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips. Energies, 13(16), 4078. doi:10.3390/en13164078Fernández-Guillamón, A., Martínez-Lucas, G., Molina-García, Á., & Sarasua, J. I. (2020). An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation. Energies, 13(13), 3369. doi:10.3390/en13133369Tiwari, R., Padmanaban, S., & Neelakandan, R. (2017). Coordinated Control Strategies for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System. Energies, 10(10), 1493. doi:10.3390/en10101493Sajadi, M., De Kooning, J. D. M., Vandevelde, L., & Crevecoeur, G. (2019). Harvesting wind gust energy with small and medium wind turbines using a bidirectional control strategy. The Journal of Engineering, 2019(17), 4261-4266. doi:10.1049/joe.2018.8182Chavero-Navarrete, E., Trejo-Perea, M., Jáuregui-Correa, J. C., Carrillo-Serrano, R. V., & Ríos-Moreno, J. G. (2019). Expert Control Systems for Maximum Power Point Tracking in a Wind Turbine with PMSG: State of the Art. Applied Sciences, 9(12), 2469. doi:10.3390/app9122469Orlando, N. A., Liserre, M., Mastromauro, R. A., & Dell’Aquila, A. (2013). A Survey of Control Issues in PMSG-Based Small Wind-Turbine Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 9(3), 1211-1221. doi:10.1109/tii.2013.2272888Daili, Y., Gaubert, J.-P., Rahmani, L., & Harrag, A. (2019). Quantitative Feedback Theory design of robust MPPT controller for Small Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Design, analysis and experimental study. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 35, 308-320. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2019.08.002Zhang, X., Huang, C., Hao, S., Chen, F., & Zhai, J. (2016). An Improved Adaptive-Torque-Gain MPPT Control for Direct-Driven PMSG Wind Turbines Considering Wind Farm Turbulences. Energies, 9(11), 977. doi:10.3390/en9110977Shafiei, A., Dehkordi, B. M., Kiyoumarsi, A., & Farhangi, S. (2017). A Control Approach for a Small-Scale PMSG-Based WECS in the Whole Wind Speed Range. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 32(12), 9117-9130. doi:10.1109/tpel.2017.2655940Oliveira, T. D., Tofaneli, L. A., & Santos, A. Á. B. (2020). Combined effects of pitch angle, rotational speed and site wind distribution in small HAWT performance. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 42(8). doi:10.1007/s40430-020-02501-4Battisti, L., Benini, E., Brighenti, A., Dell’Anna, S., & Raciti Castelli, M. (2018). Small wind turbine effectiveness in the urban environment. Renewable Energy, 129, 102-113. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.062Jeong, H. G., Seung, R. H., & Lee, K. B. (2012). An Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Wind Power Systems. Energies, 5(5), 1339-1354. doi:10.3390/en5051339Zhu, Y., Cheng, M., Hua, W., & Wang, W. (2012). A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Permanent Magnet Direct Drive Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Energies, 5(5), 1398-1412. doi:10.3390/en5051398Chen, J.-H., & Hung, W. (2015). Blade Fault Diagnosis in Small Wind Power Systems Using MPPT with Optimized Control Parameters. Energies, 8(9), 9191-9210. doi:10.3390/en8099191Syahputra, R., & Soesanti, I. (2019). Performance Improvement for Small-Scale Wind Turbine System Based on Maximum Power Point Tracking Control. Energies, 12(20), 3938. doi:10.3390/en12203938Aubrée, R., Auger, F., Macé, M., & Loron, L. (2016). Design of an efficient small wind-energy conversion system with an adaptive sensorless MPPT strategy. Renewable Energy, 86, 280-291. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.091Lopez-Flores, D. R., Duran-Gomez, J. L., & Chacon-Murguia, M. I. (2020). A Mechanical Sensorless MPPT Algorithm for a Wind Energy Conversion System based on a Modular Multilayer Perceptron and a Processor-in-the-Loop Approach. Electric Power Systems Research, 186, 106409. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106409Urtasun, A., Sanchis, P., San Martín, I., López, J., & Marroyo, L. (2013). Modeling of small wind turbines based on PMSG with diode bridge for sensorless maximum power tracking. Renewable Energy, 55, 138-149. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.12.035Kot, R., Rolak, M., & Malinowski, M. (2013). Comparison of maximum peak power tracking algorithms for a small wind turbine. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 91, 29-40. doi:10.1016/j.matcom.2013.03.010Muhsen, H., Al-Kouz, W., & Khan, W. (2019). Small Wind Turbine Blade Design and Optimization. Symmetry, 12(1), 18. doi:10.3390/sym12010018Qi, Z., & Lin, E. (2012). Integrated power control for small wind power system. Journal of Power Sources, 217, 322-328. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.06.039Doll, C. N. H., & Pachauri, S. (2010). Estimating rural populations without access to electricity in developing countries through night-time light satellite imagery. Energy Policy, 38(10), 5661-5670. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.014Zhang, S., & Qi, J. (2011). Small wind power in China: Current status and future potentials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(5), 2457-2460. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.009Rehman, S., & Sahin, A. Z. (2012). Wind power utilization for water pumping using small wind turbines in Saudi Arabia: A techno-economical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(7), 4470-4478. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.036Park, J. H., Chung, M. H., & Park, J. C. (2016). Development of a small wind power system with an integrated exhaust air duct in high-rise residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 122, 202-210. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.037Simic, Z., Havelka, J. G., & Bozicevic Vrhovcak, M. (2013). Small wind turbines – A unique segment of the wind power market. Renewable Energy, 50, 1027-1036. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.038Parag, Y., & Sovacool, B. K. (2016). Electricity market design for the prosumer era. Nature Energy, 1(4). doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.32Kortabarria, I., Andreu, J., Martínez de Alegría, I., Jiménez, J., Gárate, J. I., & Robles, E. (2014). A novel adaptative maximum power point tracking algorithm for small wind turbines. Renewable Energy, 63, 785-796. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.10.036Emejeamara, F. C., Tomlin, A. S., & Millward-Hopkins, J. T. (2015). Urban wind: Characterisation of useful gust and energy capture. Renewable Energy, 81, 162-172. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.028Britter, R. E., & Hanna, S. R. (2003). FLOW AND DISPERSION IN URBAN AREAS. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 35(1), 469-496. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161147Askarov, A., Andreev, M., & Ruban, N. (2020). Impact assessment of full-converter wind turbine generators integration on transients in power systems. THERMOPHYSICAL BASIS OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES (TBET 2019). doi:10.1063/5.0000832Pillay, P., & Krishnan, R. (1988). Modeling of permanent magnet motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 35(4), 537-541. doi:10.1109/41.9176Shariatpanah, H., Fadaeinedjad, R., & Rashidinejad, M. (2013). A New Model for PMSG-Based Wind Turbine With Yaw Control. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 28(4), 929-937. doi:10.1109/tec.2013.2281814Ata, R., & Kocyigit, Y. (2010). An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system approach for prediction of tip speed ratio in wind turbines. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(7), 5454-5460. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2010.02.068Anelion SW 3.5 GThttps://www.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/950-anelion-sw-3.5-gtSalles, M. B. C., Hameyer, K., Cardoso, J. R., Grilo, A. P., & Rahmann, C. (2010). Crowbar System in Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generators. Energies, 3(4), 738-753. doi:10.3390/en3040738Kim, Y.-S., Chung, I.-Y., & Moon, S.-I. (2015). Tuning of the PI Controller Parameters of a PMSG Wind Turbine to Improve Control Performance under Various Wind Speeds. Energies, 8(2), 1406-1425. doi:10.3390/en8021406Widanagama Arachchige, L., Rajapakse, A., & Muthumuni, D. (2017). Implementation, Comparison and Application of an Average Simulation Model of a Wind Turbine Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator. Energies, 10(11), 1726. doi:10.3390/en10111726Kim, C., Gui, Y., Zhao, H., & Kim, W. (2020). Coordinated LVRT Control for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Wind Turbine with Energy Storage System. Applied Sciences, 10(9), 3085. doi:10.3390/app10093085Das, K., Hansen, A. D., & Sørensen, P. E. (2016). Understanding IEC standard wind turbine models using SimPowerSystems. Wind Engineering, 40(3), 212-227. doi:10.1177/0309524x1664205

Development of an e-learning platform for improving and assessing the student outcomes in electrical engineering

[EN] In the European Higher Education Area, the concept of `education¿ can be defined as a process that facilitates learning. The process will culminate successfully if our students have really learned and not necessarily because we have taught them. Taking into account the educational environment in which we are immersed, the learning process must be turned into a process where the students become aware of their goals and the teacher is transformed into a guide that escorts the students towards the achievement of the objectives. The organization of teaching in this environment involves developing new conceptualizations and methodologies, which can be applied jointly to classical methodologies, acting in a complementary and also synergistic manner. Currently, all academic institutions use virtual campus platforms for educational purposes. At the Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain), this virtual system can be used as a repository of academic material but also has tools for the development of applications based on e-learning. In the present paper, an e-learning platform has been designed for students of electronic engineering that guide the learners to understand theoretical concepts, integrate theory and practice, and apply knowledge and skills to develop a viable solution to specific problems. The importance of defining and assessing learning outcomes, that is, the competences that students should have acquired and can use, have also been considered. To achieve this goal, a problem-based learning approach has been used so the students learn to identify and interpret data and design strategies to solve problems applying concepts of analysis of electrical circuits. First, the most relevant competences that the students must achieve has been analysed (`Knowledge and use of the principles of theory of circuits and electric machines¿, `Applied knowledge of electrical engineering¿ and `Analysis and resolution of problems¿). Based on them, a battery of tests and tasks has been designed, in order to reinforce the theoretic concepts and analyse and solve problems. The `Test & Quizzes¿ tool of the system has been used to develop the e-learning platform, in which selfevaluation has been also integrated in order to become an effective instrument for learning. The focus has been put on the design of the strategy in relation to the competences that students should acquire, the experience gained during the development of the e-learning platform and the students¿ satisfaction after the implementation.This project is supported by Universitat Politècnica de València through the Project of Innovation and Educational Improvement Program (PIME 2018-2019/B26).Pons Llinares, J.; Bernal-Perez, S.; García-Sánchez, TM.; Bonet-Jara, J.; Sabater I Serra, R. (2019). Development of an e-learning platform for improving and assessing the student outcomes in electrical engineering. IATED. 9169-9176. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.2276S9169917

Covalent Immobilization of Antibodies through Tetrazine-TCO Reaction to Improve Sensitivity of ELISA Technique

This research was funded by Compra Publica Precomercial, Reference 2012/000069, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Espana. ONCOVER project: Volatile compound detection system for early cancer diagnosis.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is routinely used to detect biomolecules related to several diseases facilitating diagnosis and monitoring of these, as well as the possibility of decreasing their mortality rate. Several methods have been carried out to improve the ELISA sensitivity through antibodies immobilization on the microtiter plates. Here, we have developed a strategy of antibodies immobilization to improve the ELISA sensitivity increasing the antibody density surface through the tetrazine (Tz)-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) reaction. For this, we prepared surfaces with tetrazine groups while the captured antibody was conjugated with TCO. The tetrazine surfaces were prepared in two different ways: (1) from aminated plates and (2) from Tz-BSA-coated plates. The surfaces were evaluated using two sandwich ELISA models, one of them using the low-affinity antibody anti-c-myc as a capture antibody to detect the c-myc-GST-IL8h recombinant protein, and the other one to detect the carcinoembryonic human protein (CEA). The sensitivity increased in both surfaces treated with tetrazine in comparison with the standard unmodified surface. The c-myc-GST-IL8h detection was around 10-fold more sensible on both tetrazine surfaces, while CEA ELISA detection increased 12-fold on surfaces coated with Tz-BSA. In conclusion, we show that it is possible to improve the ELISA sensitivity using this immobilization system, where capture antibodies bond covalently to surfaces.Compra Publica Precomercial, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Espana 2012/00006

A decentralized wireless solution to monitor and diagnose PV solar module performance based on Symmetrized-Shifted Gompertz Functions

This paper proposes and assesses an integrated solution to monitor and diagnose photovoltaic (PV) solar modules based on a decentralized wireless sensor acquisition system. Both DC electrical variables and environmental data are collected at PV module level using low-cost and high-energy efficiency node sensors. Data is real-time processed locally and compared with expected PV module performances obtained by a PV module model based on symmetrized-shifted Gompertz functions (as previously developed and assessed by the authors). Sensor nodes send data to a centralized sink-computing module using a multi-hop wireless sensor network architecture. Such integration thus provides extensive analysis of PV installations, and avoids off-line tests or post-processing processes. In comparison with previous approaches, this solution is enhanced with a low-cost system and non-critical performance constraints, and it is suitable for extensive deployment in PV power plants. Moreover, it is easily implemented in existing PV installations, since no additional wiring is required. The system has been implemented and assessed in a Spanish PV power plant connected to the grid. Results and estimations of PV module performances are also included in the paper.The authors are very grateful to Esfera Solar Spain and Angel Turpin for technical support and important contributions to this paper. This work has been financially supported by Fundacion Seneca Regional Agency of Science and Technology, Spain (Ref. 15400/PI/10).Molina García, Á.; Campelo Rivadulla, JC.; Blanc Clavero, S.; Serrano Martín, JJ.; García Sánchez, T.; Bueso, MC. (2015). A decentralized wireless solution to monitor and diagnose PV solar module performance based on Symmetrized-Shifted Gompertz Functions. Sensors. 15(8):18459-18479. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818459S1845918479158Global Wind Report—Annual Market Update 2013http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/GWEC-Global-Wind-Report_9-April-2014.pdfBialasiewicz, J. T. (2008). Renewable Energy Systems With Photovoltaic Power Generators: Operation and Modeling. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 55(7), 2752-2758. doi:10.1109/tie.2008.920583Romero-Cadaval, E., Spagnuolo, G., Franquelo, L. G., Ramos-Paja, C. A., Suntio, T., & Xiao, W. M. (2013). Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation Plants: Components and Operation. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 7(3), 6-20. doi:10.1109/mie.2013.2264540http://www.epia.orgLiserre, M., Sauter, T., & Hung, J. (2010). Future Energy Systems: Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into the Smart Power Grid Through Industrial Electronics. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 4(1), 18-37. doi:10.1109/mie.2010.935861Yang, Y., Wang, H., & Blaabjerg, F. (2014). Reactive Power Injection Strategies for Single-Phase Photovoltaic Systems Considering Grid Requirements. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 50(6), 4065-4076. doi:10.1109/tia.2014.2346692http://www.iea.orgVan Dyk, E. E., Gxasheka, A. R., & Meyer, E. L. (2005). Monitoring current–voltage characteristics and energy output of silicon photovoltaic modules. Renewable Energy, 30(3), 399-411. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2004.04.016Forero, N., Hernández, J., & Gordillo, G. (2006). Development of a monitoring system for a PV solar plant. Energy Conversion and Management, 47(15-16), 2329-2336. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2005.11.012Vergura, S., Acciani, G., Amoruso, V., Patrono, G. E., & Vacca, F. (2009). Descriptive and Inferential Statistics for Supervising and Monitoring the Operation of PV Plants. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 56(11), 4456-4464. doi:10.1109/tie.2008.927404Roman, E., Alonso, R., Ibanez, P., Elorduizapatarietxe, S., & Goitia, D. (2006). Intelligent PV Module for Grid-Connected PV Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 53(4), 1066-1073. doi:10.1109/tie.2006.878327Sanchez-Pacheco, F. J., Sotorrio-Ruiz, P. J., Heredia-Larrubia, J. R., Perez-Hidalgo, F., & de Cardona, M. S. (2014). PLC-Based PV Plants Smart Monitoring System: Field Measurements and Uncertainty Estimation. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 63(9), 2215-2222. doi:10.1109/tim.2014.2308972Ayompe, L. M., Duffy, A., McCormack, S. J., & Conlon, M. (2011). Measured performance of a 1.72kW rooftop grid connected photovoltaic system in Ireland. Energy Conversion and Management, 52(2), 816-825. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2010.08.007Carullo, A., & Vallan, A. (2012). Outdoor Experimental Laboratory for Long-Term Estimation of Photovoltaic-Plant Performance. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 61(5), 1307-1314. doi:10.1109/tim.2011.2180972Petrone, G., Spagnuolo, G., Teodorescu, R., Veerachary, M., & Vitelli, M. (2008). Reliability Issues in Photovoltaic Power Processing Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 55(7), 2569-2580. doi:10.1109/tie.2008.924016Prieto, M., Pernía, A., Nuño, F., Díaz, J., & Villegas, P. (2014). Development of a Wireless Sensor Network for Individual Monitoring of Panels in a Photovoltaic Plant. Sensors, 14(2), 2379-2396. doi:10.3390/s140202379Ando, B., Baglio, S., Pistorio, A., Tina, G. M., & Ventura, C. (2015). Sentinella: Smart Monitoring of Photovoltaic Systems at Panel Level. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 64(8), 2188-2199. doi:10.1109/tim.2014.2386931http://www.iea-pvps.org/Ishaque, K., Salam, Z., & Syafaruddin. (2011). A comprehensive MATLAB Simulink PV system simulator with partial shading capability based on two-diode model. Solar Energy, 85(9), 2217-2227. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2011.06.008Xiao, W., Dunford, W., Palmer, P., & Capel, A. (2007). Regulation of Photovoltaic Voltage. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 54(3), 1365-1374. doi:10.1109/tie.2007.893059Chan, D. S. H., & Phang, J. C. H. (1987). Analytical methods for the extraction of solar-cell single- and double-diode model parameters from I-V characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 34(2), 286-293. doi:10.1109/t-ed.1987.22920Shengyi Liu, & Dougal, R. A. (2002). Dynamic multiphysics model for solar array. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 17(2), 285-294. doi:10.1109/tec.2002.1009482Vengatesh, R. P., & Rajan, S. E. (2011). Investigation of cloudless solar radiation with PV module employing Matlab–Simulink. Solar Energy, 85(9), 1727-1734. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2011.03.023Tian, H., Mancilla-David, F., Ellis, K., Muljadi, E., & Jenkins, P. (2012). A cell-to-module-to-array detailed model for photovoltaic panels. Solar Energy, 86(9), 2695-2706. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2012.06.004Skoplaki, E., & Palyvos, J. A. (2009). On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance: A review of efficiency/power correlations. Solar Energy, 83(5), 614-624. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2008.10.008Molina-Garcia, A., Guerrero-Perez, J., Bueso, M. C., Kessler, M., & Gomez-Lazaro, E. (2015). A New Solar Module Modeling for PV Applications Based on a Symmetrized and Shifted Gompertz Model. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 30(1), 51-59. doi:10.1109/tec.2014.2330741R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computinghttp://www.R-project.orgAranda, E., Gomez Galan, J., de Cardona, M., & Andujar Marquez, J. (2009). Measuring the I-V curve of PV generators. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 3(3), 4-14. doi:10.1109/mie.2009.933882Willig, A. (2008). Recent and Emerging Topics in Wireless Industrial Communications: A Selection. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 4(2), 102-124. doi:10.1109/tii.2008.923194ZigBee Specificationhttp://www.zigbee.orgSTR912FAW33http://www.st.comJN Wireless Microcontrollershttp://www.jennic.comFalvo, M. C., & Capparella, S. (2015). Safety issues in PV systems: Design choices for a secure fault detection and for preventing fire risk. Case Studies in Fire Safety, 3, 1-16. doi:10.1016/j.csfs.2014.11.002Optical Isolation for Solar Power Applicationshttp://www.vishay.comDesign Guidelines for Optocoupler Safety Agency Compliancehttp://www.vishay.comOptocoupler, Phototransistor Output, High Reliability, 5300 VRMShttp://www.vishay.comACS712 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC Allegro Microsystemshttp://www-allegromicro.comThermometrics.PT1000 Sensorhttp://www.thermometricscorp.comCMP3 Pyranometerhttp://www.kippzonnen.comEnergy Metering IC with SPI Interface and Active Power Pulse Outputhttp://www.microchip.comThe ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Superstorehttp://www.futurlec.com/Solar_Cell.shtmlSanchez, A., Blanc, S., Climent, S., Yuste, P., & Ors, R. (2013). SIVEH: Numerical Computing Simulation of Wireless Energy-Harvesting Sensor Nodes. Sensors, 13(9), 11750-11771. doi:10.3390/s130911750hotoWatt-PW1650http://www.photowatt.com/Applications Solars. PW 1650 Data-Sheet and Temperature Coefficienthttp://www.aplicasolars.com/pdf/plaques-fotovoltaiques/pw1650mc.pd

A success story: New rules and fewer injuries in traditional

Objective: To analyse the effectiveness of a change in the rules on the incidence of injuries in traditional Leonese Wrestling (LW). Material and methods: Cohort study, retrospective (2006---2007) and prospective (2008---2012). The population studied comprised all the male wrestlers over 16 years of age who took part in Winter League competitions in the seasons 2006---2012. Data collected included the number, location and severity of injuries. Classifying them according to location and severity, the incidence of injuries by bouts and falls before and after the change was calculated. The formula for calculating effectiveness was: 1 --- relative risk. Results: Over the 7 seasons, a total of 34 injuries were reported ---- 9 in the seasons before the change and 25 afterwards. Since the introduction of the new regulations in 2008, no serious upper limb injuries have been reported. Before the change in rules there was an incidence of 10.4 per 1000 bouts and 3.9 for every 1000 falls, the differences being statistically significant (P = .002 and P = .006, respectively). The effectiveness in reducing the incidence of serious injuries was 94% by bouts, and 91% by falls. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm the importance of a methodological approach for the prevention of injuries; in this case a change in the rules. © 2012 Consell Català de l’Esport. Generalitat de Catalunya. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved

Una historia de éxito: nuevas reglas y menos lesiones en la Lucha Leonesa (2006-2012)

Introducción El objetivo de nuestro estudio es analizar la efectividad de un cambio de reglamento en la incidencia de lesiones de Lucha Leonesa. Material y métodos Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo (2006-2007) y prospectivo (2008-2012). La población estudiada comprendió todos los luchadores masculinos de más de 16 años que participaron en las Ligas de Invierno en las temporadas del 2006-2012. Se recogieron datos sobre el número, la localización y la severidad de las lesiones, clasificándolos según su localización y su gravedad. Se calculó la incidencia de lesiones por combates y por caídas antes y después del cambio de reglamento. La fórmula para calcular la efectividad fue: 1 – Riesgo Relativo. Resultados En las 7 temporadas, se registraron un total de 34 lesiones, 9 antes del cambio de reglamento y 25 después. Desde la introducción de las nuevas reglas en 2008 no se produjo ninguna lesión grave en los miembros superiores, mientras que antes del cambio de reglamento la incidencia de lesiones fue de 10,4 por cada 1000 combates y de 3,9 por cada 1000 caídas, siendo estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,002 y p=0,006). La efectividad de la reducción de la incidencia de lesiones graves fue del 94% por combates y del 91% por caídas. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio confirman la importancia de un enfoque metodológico para la prevención de lesiones; en este caso, los cambios de reglamento

A multilayer network model of Covid-19: implications in public health policy in Costa Rica

Successful partnerships between researchers, experts, and public health authorities have been critical to navigate the challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic worldwide. In this collaboration, mathematical models have played a decisive role in informing public policy, with findings effectively translated into public health measures that have shaped the pandemic in Costa Rica. As a result of interdisciplinary and cross-institutional collaboration, we constructed a multilayer network model that incorporates a diverse contact structure for each individual. In July 2020, we used this model to test the effect of lifting restrictions on population mobility after a so-called “epidemiological fence” imposed to contain the country’s first big wave of cases. Later, in August 2020, we used it to predict the effects of an open and close strategy (the Hammer and Dance). Scenarios constructed in July 2020 showed that lifting restrictions on population mobility after less than three weeks of epidemiological fence would produce a sharp increase in cases. Results from scenarios in August 2020 indicated that the Hammer and Dance strategy would only work with 50% of the population adhering to mobility restrictions. The development, evolution, and applications of a multilayer network model of Covid-19 in Costa Rica has guided decision-makers to anticipate implementing sanitary measures and contributed to gain valuable time to increase hospital capacity.Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa RicaOrganización Panamericana de la Salud/[]/OPS/OMS/Estados UnidosUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Puras y Aplicadas (CIMPA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Matemátic

Effect of the use of videos in the pre-class preparation of laboratory sessions taught by flip teaching

[EN] Nowadays, it is well stablished the effectiveness of flip teaching in different areas. Video is widely used as a pre-class learning material and it is progressively replacing text-document materials. The students, 70 in total, are enrolled in the laboratory practice of the subject of Physics (Bachelor¿s Degree: Industrial Electronics and Automation Engineering) at the Universitat Politècnica de València. Student¿s perception data were collected from the results of a survey. Students were asked about the usefulness of the videos and the in-class work, paying special attention to the roll of the instructor in relation to the flip teaching methodology and the pre-class material. The students were divided into two groups. In one of them, the videos were recorded by the same instructor present at the lab session, whereas the other group, the videos used were recorded by instructors different from the instructor present at the lab. The results indicate that students feel that the videos are very useful, rather than the written documents. They attribute a high value to the instructor in the lab session as they feel more confident with their work and they can ask for help when needed. They value positively the possibility of work autonomously. Small differences have been found in the opinion of both groups being the higher in the question that concerns the preference of the videos respect to the text.This work has been supported by the Universitat Politècnica de València through the Project of Innovation and Educational Improvement Program (Projects PIME/2018/B26 and PIME/2018/B25 Convocatoria de Proyectos de Innovación y Convergencia).Meseguer Dueñas, JM.; Quiles Casado, SDLS.; Sabater I Serra, R.; Serrano, M.; Gómez-Tejedor, J.; García-Sánchez, TM.; Tort-Ausina, I.... (2020). Effect of the use of videos in the pre-class preparation of laboratory sessions taught by flip teaching. Iated. 6107-6112. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.1654S6107611

Association of breast and gut microbiota dysbiosis and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control clinical study

We would like to thank M Luisa Puertas-Martin and Isabel Manzano-Jimenez, nurses at the Unit of Mammary Pathology, General Surgery Service, San Cecilio University Hospital (Granada), without whose enthusiasm the enrolment of participants in Granada would still be stalled. We are indebted to all the women taking part in the study.The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03885648, 03/25/2019. Retrospectively registered.Background Breast cancer ranks first in women, and is the second cause of death in this gender. In addition to genetics, the environment contributes to the development of the disease, although the factors involved are not well known. Among the latter is the influence of microorganisms and, therefore, attention is recently being paid to the mammary microbiota. We hypothesize that the risk of breast cancer could be associated with the composition and functionality of the mammary/gut microbiota, and that exposure to environmental contaminants (endocrine disruptors, EDCs) might contribute to alter these microbiota. Methods We describe a case-control clinical study that will be performed in women between 25 and 70 years of age. Cases will be women diagnosed and surgically intervened of breast cancer (stages I and II). Women with antecedents of cancer or advanced tumor stage (metastasis), or who have received antibiotic treatment within a period of 3 months prior to recruitment, or any neoadjuvant therapy, will be excluded. Controls will be women surgically intervened of breast augmentation or reduction. Women with oncological, gynecological or endocrine history, and those who have received antibiotic treatment within a period of 3 months prior to recruitment will also be excluded. Blood, urine, breast tissue and stool samples will be collected. Data regarding anthropometric, sociodemographic, reproductive history, tumor features and dietary habits will be gathered. Metabolomic studies will be carried out in stool and breast tissue samples. Metagenomic studies will also be performed in stool and breast tissue samples to ascertain the viral, fungal, bacterial and archaea populations of the microbiota. Quantitation of estrogens, estrogen metabolites and EDCs in samples of serum, urine and breast tissue will also be performed. Discussion: This is the first time that the contribution of bacteria, archaea, viruses and fungi together with their alteration by environmental contaminants to the risk of breast cancer will be evaluated in the same study. Results obtained could contribute to elucidate risk factors, improve the prognosis, as well as to propose novel intervention studies in this disease.This work is funded by grants PI-0538-2017 (Junta de Andalucía, Spain, to LF) and Biomedical Research Networking Center-CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) of the Institute of Health Carlos III -supported by European Regional Development Fund/FEDER (FIS-PI16/01812) (to MFF)

Diseño y evaluación de materiales didácticos bilingües con TICs para prácticas de laboratorio de Química

[EN] The new scenario of the European Higher Education Area and the increase of Erasmus student agreements has led to a rise in the number of subjects in English. All this has resulted in an increase in the participation of foreign students in undergraduate and graduate programs. There is also a growing demand on the part of the general student body to learn new subjects in English with the aim of increasing their future international employability. The use of a second language requires an adequate design of the specific didactic material without prejudice of the learning process. In this context, ICTs have been revealed as a new strategy to minimize the disadvantages listed above. The objective of this work is the development of bilingual Spanish-English teaching material with the aim of facilitating the study and guiding the student in the learning and self-evaluation of experimental subjects in Chemistry. The new technologies will be used as PowerPoint presentations to develop an interactive laboratory notebook that will be implemented in the Moodle platform. A second objective was the evaluation of the material by biology and chemistry Erasmus bachelor’s degree students.[ES] El establecimiento del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior y el incremento de convenios de intercambio de estudiantes Erasmus ha conducido a un aumento en la oferta de asignaturas en inglés. Todo ello ha repercutido en un aumento en la participación de estudiantes extranjeros en programas de grado y postgrado. Existe además una creciente demanda por parte del alumnado general en el aprendizaje de nuevas materias en inglés con el objetivo de incrementar su empleabilidad internacional futura. La utilización de un segundo idioma requiere un diseño adecuado del material didáctico específico sin perjuicio del proceso realización-interpretación-aprendizaje. En este contexto, las TICs se han revelado como una nueva estrategia para minimizar las desventajas enumeradas anteriormente. El objetivo de este trabajo es el desarrollo de material docente bilingüe español-inglés con el objetivo de facilitar el estudio y guiar al alumno en el aprendizaje y autoevaluación de asignaturas de experimentación en Química. Con este fin, se emplearon las nuevas tecnologías tales como presentaciones en PowerPoint para desarrollar un cuaderno interactivo de laboratorio que se implementó en la plataforma Moodle. Un segundo objetivo consistió en la evaluación del material desarrollado por parte de estudiantes internacionales Erasmus de grados en Química y Biología.Jurado Sánchez, B.; De La Asunción-Nadal, V.; García Carmona, L.; Pacheco Jerez, M.; María-Hormigos, R.; Sierra Gómez, T. (2019). Diseño y evaluación de materiales didácticos bilingües con TICs para prácticas de laboratorio de Química. En IN-RED 2019. V Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 252-259. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2019.2019.10367OCS25225